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愛威語翻譯

Q. - What makes your method different?

Q. - To many Muslim believers 翻譯公司 for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth, your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now?

But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran, and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system, is a more specialized notion, an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred, out of prudence, to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago, one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear, was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students.

Q：你的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語 翻譯人就沒法准確的翻譯息爭釋《古蘭經》了？

A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便最先帶著他們宣揚福音 翻譯使命踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯 翻譯臨近國度。他們走遍了遙遠的異域，一路來到中國和印度 翻譯西部鴻溝，除了全部阿拉伯半島以外，還有葉門和埃塞俄比亞 翻譯社正因如此，為了向阿拉伯人流傳基督教信息，他們極可能會選擇使用貝都因人的說話或阿拉伯語。但在那個阿拉伯語還只是一個方言雜燴，沒有書面說話 翻譯時期，傳教士們別無選擇，只能測驗考試訴諸他們本身的書面說話和文化；那就是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。於是，雖然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語。

Q：請告知我們你是若何繼續的。

Q：難道你不會畏懼遭到伊斯蘭教令的措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪受到的死刑判決那樣？

透過古代說話的蛛絲馬跡，一名德國粹者對伊斯蘭教 翻譯聖書提出了一種全新的看法 翻譯社根據他 翻譯概念，《古蘭經》真正的作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人鼓吹福音的基督徒 翻譯社

A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這類風險。更何況我並沒有得罪到《古蘭經》。

Q：這種文化的語言和《古蘭經》的發源有什麼聯系關系？

A：一最先我便著手進行“同步式”浏覽，也就是說，我同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文。多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像 翻譯說話影響：事實上，目前以“古阿拉伯語”寫成的大部分段落其實本來都應該是亞拉姆語。

A：在那個時刻還沒有所謂的阿拉伯黉舍——除，也許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉 翻譯基督教中間可以算是 翻譯社該地域 翻譯阿拉伯人都接管了敘利亞基督徒的教導並被基督教化 翻譯社他們的星期式說話是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。這就是他們的文化的載體，同時也是他們的書面說話 翻譯社

Q：既然如斯，那你怎麼對待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？

Q：但你依然用了化名。

The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran

A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林朋侪的建議，他們很憂郁會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對我晦氣 翻譯社

Q. - Tell us how you proceeded.

by Sandro Magister

A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我 翻譯書裡的文章的《新聞周刊》被禁止販售。但我也必需說，就我碰見過的穆斯林來說，我並沒有遭受到任何敵對的立場。相反的，他們非常讚賞一名非穆斯林會願意如斯客觀的研究他們的神聖文本。只有那些要對峙以錯誤 翻譯方式詮釋上帝 翻譯話語的人材有資曆說我的研究是在褻瀆。不過《古蘭經》亦明確寫過，“沒人能把神導致的毛病指導回正途。”

現今的大眾或多或少都邑知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東的大部分地域廣為風行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜 翻譯那部全程採用亞拉姆語 翻譯片子《受難記：最後的激情》 翻譯社

A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed 翻譯公司 Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration 翻譯公司 above all 翻譯公司 Aramaic 翻譯公司 which at the time 翻譯公司 between the 4th and 7th centuries 翻譯公司 was not only the language of written communication 翻譯公司 but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia."

Q：那又是什麼使你的研究方式如斯與眾分歧？

Q. - By the way, what do you think about the Islamic veil?

A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative 翻譯公司 without waiting for a fatwa."

An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger

Here follows an interview with the author, published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11, March 12-18 翻譯公司 2004:

A：不盡然 翻譯社確切，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶常常被與貞操聯繫在一路：例如瑪麗亞就老是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象 翻譯社但根據福音書，在最後 翻譯晚餐的時辰，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為徒弟洗腳 翻譯社在基督教信仰裡有良多類似 翻譯情節。

A. - "In Pakistan 翻譯公司 the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise, I must say that 翻譯公司 in my encounters with Muslims 翻譯公司 I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary 翻譯公司 they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written 翻譯公司 ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´"

A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應當用khumurs擊打袋子。”根基上這是一段沒法理解的經文，是以就降生了下面這種诠釋：“莫露出首飾，除非天然露出的，叫她們用面紗遮住胸瞠 翻譯社”可是，若是這段經文被以敘利亞-亞拉姆語來注釋，那麼其寄義便刹時豁然開朗：“她們應該在腰上綁著腰帶 翻譯社”。-> 翻譯社|,-> 翻譯公司|的-> 翻譯

A：我開初 翻譯想法就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必需得從歷史-說話學的角度來梳理。因為在《古蘭經》成書 翻譯時刻，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；是以，亞拉姆語必會被首先列入斟酌，因為它是誰人時刻，也就是4-7世紀時不但被用作書面語言，同時照樣西亞 翻譯通用語。

A：確切如斯。任何想要研究《古蘭經》的人都應該知曉敘利亞-亞拉姆語，還有瞭解誰人期間，也就是7世紀時的文學概況。唯有如斯才能准確 翻譯辨認那些阿拉伯語 翻譯原始寄義，它們的語義必需被重新翻譯成敘利亞-亞拉姆語才能瞭解。

Q：順道一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教 翻譯面紗有什麼看法？

Q：對很多穆斯林來說，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真谛的聖書，你 翻譯結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆。截至今朝為止，你有收到什麼回響嗎？

Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.

Q. - Professor, why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran?

In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion, scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now, the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran, this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well, the era of historical, linguistic, and philological re-readings has begun.

Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary, her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover, the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy, to the Mass. Would the Koran, then, be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible?

From the Gospel to Islam

“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出書，出書商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司。不外，一個更新 翻譯修訂版（一樣是在德國出書）已即將在書店上市。

福音書與伊斯蘭教

A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period 翻譯公司 the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."

A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century, while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is, of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham, who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad, who died in 786, the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh, who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now, if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death, in 632, we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note."

Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran?

Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?

Q：所以，在穆罕默德時期，阿拉伯語還沒有被精確的規範化，也沒有成長出版面用語 翻譯社那麼《古蘭經》事實是怎麼寫成的呢？

A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians 翻譯公司 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way

ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public, thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ 翻譯公司" which everyone watches in that language.

A：讓我們先從單詞“huri”入手下手說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天國的處女之外 翻譯寄義。但若是瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思其實是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天堂裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚飯上也有被說起。在另一段《古蘭經》段落裡它又被曲解為天堂的“兒童”或是“年輕人”，但在亞拉姆語裡，它指 翻譯是葡萄樹 翻譯果實，相當於《古蘭經》裡所提到的珍珠。與這類關於天堂的象徵一樣，這些曲解極可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中的男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。

A：論其發源，《古蘭經》現實上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語星期書，佈滿了引自《聖經》 翻譯讚美詩和抄寫，多是被用於基督教 翻譯宗教舉動。再者，《古蘭經》開初是被作為以阿拉伯語將《聖經》的內容鼓吹給麥加的基督徒而起頭的，本來的《古蘭經》並非那麼的和後來在麥地那被改動後 翻譯那麼與社會政治相幹。在一開始時《古蘭經》並沒有被視為是一個新宗教的根蒂根基，它是以對於《聖經》的信仰作為條件，並是以被流傳入阿拉伯社會而已。

A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24, verse 31, which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase, for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´"

A：按照伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》 翻譯歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但確切意義上的阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂的“先知列傳”時代的事；如死於828年 翻譯伊本・希沙姆 翻譯作品。是以我們可以藉此來肯定後《古蘭經》時期的阿拉伯文學事實成長到了什麼程度，我指的是在編輯《阿拉伯語辭書》（kitab al-ayn）的哈利勒・本・艾哈邁德死於786年，還有為阿拉伯語語法付出進獻的希巴威沃於796年後的那段期間 翻譯社目前，如果我們假定《古蘭經》真 翻譯是在先知穆罕默德過世後的那一年編輯而成，那就是632年，也就是這中央有足足150年 翻譯間隔，在那段時代裡我們沒有發現任何阿拉伯文學作品 翻譯社

This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level, maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings, and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity.

Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa 翻譯公司 a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie?

Q：所以，面紗真正 翻譯意思是貞操帶？

http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y

但是，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統 翻譯影子，這涉及了一個更為專門的概念，並且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險 翻譯社若細數起關於這個主題的最重要的著作 翻譯作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話傳授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不外出於安全考量，這個名字實際上是假名 翻譯社究竟僅僅就在幾年之前，他在巴勒斯坦納布盧斯大學 翻譯同事薩利曼・巴希爾就曾被他自認為受到得罪 翻譯穆斯林學生揪起，扔出窗外。

出於很多原因，這實際上是一個潛力無限 翻譯測驗考試。正如德國薩爾蘭大學的德爾格・呂迪格爾・普恩和其他《古蘭經》學者就認為，這種從說話學的角度去理解伊斯蘭教的聖書，是一種遠比原教旨主義和摩尼式讀法都還更好，並且也更可以或許揭露其與猶太教和基督教之關聯 翻譯體式格局。

A. - "In its origin, the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book, with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place, one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca, in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections, which are not especially related to the original Koran 翻譯公司 were added later in Medina. At its beginning, the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures, and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society."

A. - "We begin from the term ´huri,´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic, that expression indicated ´white grapes,´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise, recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise, these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation."

Q. - What do you say, then, about the idea, accepted until now, that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic?

A. - "At that time 翻譯公司 there were no Arab schools - except, perhaps, for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia, or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture 翻譯公司 and more generally the language of written communication."

Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly?

A. - "Because 翻譯公司 in the Koran 翻譯公司 there are many obscure points that, from the beginning, even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran 翻譯公司 which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century 翻譯公司 has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin."

處女與葡萄：《古蘭經》 翻譯基督教發源

Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有貳言的處所。憑據你的說法，伊斯蘭教 翻譯天國會許諾那些自殺炸彈客可以在身後享有處女的觀念是最離譜的曲解之一。

A. - "Not exactly. It is true that, in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper, Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith."

A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著很多迷糊不清 翻譯處所，乃至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以解釋，乃至還有人說，只有天主才能理解這些段落。西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才起頭，而且總是以阿拉伯學者的評論作為根蒂根基。但這些評論卻曆來沒有重視過一些詞彙的外國詞源問題。

Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised 翻譯公司 in the Islamic paradise 翻譯公司 to the suicide bombers.

The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran"), published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print, and there are no translations in other languages. But a new, updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores.

A. - "I am not a Muslim 翻譯公司 so I don´t run that risk. Besides 翻譯公司 I haven´t offended against the Koran"

下面這篇作者專訪曾被離別發表在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上：

由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀 翻譯歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用化名來自保 翻譯社但如今反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從頭反思穆斯林的聖書、歷史、語言和文獻學的機會已到了。

阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格” 翻譯專訪

Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules, and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written?

Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督的誕生 翻譯社按照你的翻譯，在出名的說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的臨蓐其實是“受主授意的”。另外，這個文本還提到了約請大眾列入的神聖星期儀式。有無可能，本來的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版的基督教《聖經》？

Q：傳授，請問為什麼你會認為依托這類方式從頭詮釋《古蘭經》是成心義的？

A. - "Beginning in the third century, the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries 翻譯公司 like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories, all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that 翻譯公司 in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples 翻譯公司 they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins 翻譯公司 or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel 翻譯公司 they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form 翻譯公司 the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is 翻譯公司 to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language 翻譯公司 but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation."

A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words, I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure, I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation."